Object Oriented Programming

(OOP)

What is Object Oriented Programming (OOP)?

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that organizes software design around objects — entities that combine data (attributes) and behavior (methods). It models real-world entities and promotes modularity, reusability, and maintainability in code.

At its core, OOP uses classes as blueprints to create objects. A class defines the structure (attributes) and capabilities (methods) of its objects, while each object is an instance with its own state.

Key Concepts

• Class – A template or a blueprint that define attributes and methods.
• Object – An instance of a class with specific data.
• Attributes – Variables that store the state of an object.
• Methods – Functions inside a class that define object behavior.

OOP Principles

1. Encapsulation – Bundling data and methods, restricting direct access to internal state.
2. Abstraction – Hiding complex implementation details, exposing only necessary functionality.
3. Inheritance – Allowing a class (child) to acquire properties and behaviors from another (parent).
4. Polymorphism – Enabling the same method name to behave differently based on the object.

Benefits of OOP

• Code Reusability via inheritance.
• Modularity for easier debugging and maintenance.
• Security through encapsulation.
• Flexibility with polymorphism for adaptable behaviors.